child development :: essays research papers fc

Fact Middle children have it hardBello, FausatChild Development 1Hammond, Online educationName LindseyAge 15Grade 11 class 5Siblings 3Other Middle child1. Your favored nickname? Fritz 2. Do you have any pets? Yes, two rabbits. 3. What is your favorite color? filthy & pink 4. What is your favorite scent? Vanilla & strawberry 5. Whats your favorite drink? Red Wine 6. What food do you hate? Liver (not liver spread) 7. What was your favorite accede at school? Social Studies & English 8. What was your least favorite subject at school? Math & Physics 9. The strangest thing youve ever do? Dyeing my hair blue-green ( standardized I swallowed those pills taken by the Thompson twins) 10. Favorite movie? September Tapes, Corto Maltese La cour secrte des Arcanes, Kill Bill, Addams Family, A Series of Unfortunate Events, & Sleepy Hollow 11. Favorite actor? Johnny Depp 12. Favorite actress? Christina Ricci 13. Favorite travel destination? (Still needs to travel) 14. Favorite month, why? de clination because the weathers cooler. 15. The high point of your life? Cleaning up my act during college. 16. What novel are you reading right now? (None) 17. Favorite novel? Other align of Midnight by Sydney Sheldon 18. Your favorite music right now? Ramones & Black Sabbath 19. What are your best qualities? Loyal to friends, loves to learn new stuff, & open-minded. 20. What are your worst qualities? Introvert at times, easily gets bored, & a glutton (though I weigh 97 lbs.). 21. If you were a character in a Tintin story, which one would you be? A merchant like Oliveira da Figueira. 22. If you were a historical character, who would you be? Queen Elizabeth I 23. How are you feeling today? Bored.Name WasiuAge 16Grade 11Household 6Siblings5Other Oldest1. Your favorite nickname? The Smurf 2. Do you have any pets? Two cats, Scaramouche and Pyewacket 3. What is your favorite color? RED 4. What is your favorite scent? coffee berry brewing 5. Whats your favorite drink? Coffee 6. What fo od do you hate? Italian food-I can never taste it. Give me SPICES people 7. What was your favorite subject at school? Everything but math 8. What was your least favorite subject at school? Math 9. The strangest thing youve ever done? Dressed as Captain Skut from Flight 714 for Halloween (Im female and most definitely NOT blonde) 10. Favorite movie? I Shot Andy Warhol 11. Favorite actor?

Will Fast Food be the Death of Us? Essay -- The Dark Side of Fast Food

The American food industry has evolved in ways that may not be distinguishable to the human palate, but hopefully remain distinguishable to the human conscience. With all the options now available to company executives, citizens must be authorized to keep them from abusing their powers and continuing to harm employees, mistreat animals, and kill consumers. The best ways are to promote public discourse and to make the most of the power of the consumer by thoughtfully deciding where to spend their hard-earned dollars.To understand where the fast food industry is today, we must look at the technological advances that allowed it to reach that point. Technology has been an integral agitate in the rise of the fast food culture. In fact, it was a technological advancement that first brought the fast food industry to life. When the McDonald brothers opened-up their first restaurants, they served people and do a modest profit. However, one day a traveling salesman walked through the ir door and presented them with the opportunity to buy a machine that would enable them to make 5 milkshakes at one time. He also offered them the chance to buy other machines that would speed-up food production. Who was this traveling salesman? His name was Ray Kroc. Kroc later offered to buy the rights to the McDonald brothers restaurants and the deal went through. Kroc outfitted the restaurants with technology that allowed for the mass production of its food. Like Henry Ford automated the automobile manufacturing industry, Ray Kroc can be considered the man who took restaurant food and made it fast food. The next major innovation to contribute to fast foods development was the automobile. In the 1950s, when owning a car get comm... ...a/GMA0201Obsessed_with_ unfluctuating_food.html.Alternet. 2013. Why Fast Food Costs Too Much. Web. 14 May 2015. http//www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=15762. American RadioWorks (2012). Kill Them With Kindness Web. 7 May 2015. http// www.americanradioworks.org/features/mcdonalds/grandin1.html.American RadioWorks 2014. Ethics Into carry through Web. 10 May 2015. http//www.americanradioworks.org/features/mcdonalds/book.html. BBC. 2014. Fast Food as addictive as heroin. Web. 9 May 2015. http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2707143.stm. Kluger, Jeffrey. Inside the Food Labs. Time. 06 Oct. 2009 56-60Schlosser, Eric. (2002) Fast Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York Perennial.Swanson, Ronald. 2013 E. Coli 0157 The Main Cause of Neurodegenerative Disease? Web. 21 May 2015. http//www.ecoli0157.com/ summary.html

Seeing Myself in Waiting for Godot :: Waiting for Godot Essays

Seeing Myself in Waiting for Godot Some people wondered why in richly school my favorite book was Waiting for Godot, a drama described on the title page as a two-act play in which naught happens twice. In fact, my liking a play t don does not portray a series of connected incidents telling a story but instead presents a pattern of images showing bewildered people in an incomprehensible universe initially baffled me too, as my partiality was more felt than thought. that accordingly I read a piece by the critic Martin Esslin, who articulated my feelings. He wrote in The Search for the Self that throughout our lives we forever wait for both(prenominal)thing, and Godot simply represents the objective of our waitingan event, a thing, aperson, death. It is in the act of waiting that we experience theflow of clip in its purest most evident form. (31)I complete that I was seventeen in high school passively waiting for something amazing to happen to me just like Vladimir and Estragon. I also realized that experiencing time flowing by unproductively was not for me regardless of how pure that experience might be. At several points in the play, Estragon states that he wants to leave, but Vladimir always responds, We cant . . . were waiting for Godot (8). Neither one knows why the wait nor who Godot is or looks like, and they both admit, when asked by Pozzo why they mistook him for Godot, that we hardly know him at all (20). Yet, they wait for him instead of looking within themselves for meaning in their lives. They even turn to close-at-hand sources about them to provide reasons for their wait from inside a hat or a boot (8). But, as Lucky points out, the reasons are unknown and always will be (28). Therefore, their external search is pointless to give life meaning. Or put another way, Vladimir and Estragon wait endlessly for life to begin.As simple as it is, I see myself in them, waiting for someone or something to bring me meaning, to guide me, to spark my life. T he existentialist ideas behind much of Waiting for Godot cut to the quick, as I, too, struggle through life trying to achieve some sort of purposeful meaning (Bryce). Like everyone else, I am a victim of waiting and going nowhere fast. As embarrassing as it is to me now, in high school, I ached as I searched to fill an empty part of me with love or true friendship, and at last I found him But rather than acting on what I felt for him, I sat there and waited, hoping that he would notice me, the perfect soul mate.

The Importance of Sound in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essays

The Importance of Sound in Macbeth Macbeth, the shortest and perhaps unnoticeableest consort by Shakespeare, is a tale of over-riding ambition, sympathetic nature, and supernatural meddling. Macbeth is the main character in the play, and although he begins the story a loyal subject and brave hero, the power bestowed on him poisens and corrupts him until he eventually turns abuse and seeks more, to his downfall. As the central figure of the play, Macbeth sets in motion a sequence of events that brings about the destruction and eventual rebirth of Scotland, giving the play an essentially dark tone. There are, however, varying degrees of execration, subtly different in texture and context. One way Shakespeare indicates the styles of evil end-to-end the play Macbeth is through the use of sounds. Sounds in the play fall under four categories nature, man-made, the sounds of battle, and human cries. The first category of sounds used are that of nature, which symbolize evil deeds an d death. Animal sounds most prevalent throughout the play are those of birds, specifically those of owls and ravens. Traditionally, owls symbolize death and to hear the call of one is considered ill prophecyed. In Act II, Lady Macbeth - a creature of evil herself- comments, Hark Peace / It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal bellman, / which gives the sternst goodnight (II, ii, 3-5). The goodnight referred to, somewhat ironically, is that of eternal sleep, as she knows King Duncan has just been murdered, perhaps at the very moment the owl called. This omen could have been interpreted as either good or ill by her, since her designs were evil and the owl could have represented the Darkness acceptance of her, or as a foreshadowing of her own sinking into darkne... ...ird) like all together. And so it is, and always shall fair be foul and foul be fair. Works Cited De Quincy, Thomas. From On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth. Elements of Literature, Sixth Course. Eds. Robert Probst, et. Al. Austin Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1997 330-331 Evans, G. Blackemore. Macbeth. In The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blackemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mufflin Company. 1974 1307- 1311 Imagery in Macbeth. unidentified. September 15, 2014. Http//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=3880 Imagery of Disease and Corruption. Anonymous 2. September 15, 2014. Http//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id Importance of the Last Two Scenes in Macbeth. Anonymous 5. September 15, 2014. Http//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=7195 Macbeth. Anonymous. September 15, 2014. Http//www.sevarg.net/school/booknotes/Macbeth.txt

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Essay -- essays research papers

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)One of the leading causes of mental retardation in the United States is fetal intoxicant syndrome or FAS. Alcohol is the most usually abused substance by pregnant women because its legal and socially acceptable. A greater majority of young women be not aw ar of the complications that are come to with pregnancy. They see pregnancy as a way of bringing a life into the world but do not use the necessary safety measure in their dietary habits to prevent such damage or inhibitions of such a life. By continuing on their imbibinging binge end-to-end their pregnancy, they can cause an inexplicable damage to herself and the fetus she is carrying. In my opinion, any amount of alcohol combined with pregnancy can cause devastating effect to the fetus.     "Neurobehavioral deficits hasten been found in infants whose mothers reported fewer than seven standard drinks a week, and the effects of drinking in early pregnancy (the first trime ster) are among the more severe of alcohols effects on the fetus, causing irreversible facial malformations and neurological damage" (Kaskutas & vitamin A Graves, 2001). Lee Ann Kaskutas and Karen Graves believes that the precision of measurement of how very much a woman drinks throughout pregnancy is very important to the sound judgement of fetal risk (2001). The title of their study, "Pre-pregnancy drinking How drink size affects risk assessment", can help us conclude that the independent variables are the drink sizes and the dependent variable is the risk assessment.      From the introduction section, I have learned that in the United States, American Indians and African Americans are at the highest risk for FAS. Even though there have been advances in research methodology, people can have a misconception on the concept of what is a standard drink. When asked how much they drank on previous surveys, previous participants had a misconception on t he drink sizes. "This has implications for FAS risk assessment, as underestimates of alcohol consumptions could lead researchers to conclude that increasingly lower safe thresholds of consumption are called for" (Kaskutas & amp Graves, 2001). The authors found that half of the subjects under study have underestimated the amount of alcohol in their various drinks. The authors believed that most women ... ...ance on standard drinks results in considerable underestimation of alcohol consumption, especially among the heavier drinkers and those consuming higher alcohol content beverages" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). It is concluded in this research that standard drink sizes assume a much smaller size than self-defined drink sizes. The authors did note that this study has several limitations. First, their try out included only few white subjects with no Hispanics, Asians and other ethnic groups. Also, "the vessels methodology should be used with expanded samples to dete rmine whether large drink sizes are represented among other groups of pregnant women" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). Future research could include specifications of standard drink size for different types of alcohol when assessing risk for FAS. "Consideration of drink size represents a promising avenue both for alcohol research and for alcohol prevention and education, with pregnant women and more broadly with the general population" (Kaskutas & Graves, 2001). ReferenceKaskutas, L.A., Graves, K. (2001). Pre-pregnancy How drink sizes affects risk assessment. Addiction, Vol 96(8), 1199-1209.

Analysis of British Airways Essay -- British Airways Case Study

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE1. British Airways Overview42. Key stakeholders43. Mission and objectives54. Market structure65. Managing diverse cultures76. Economic changes, fiscal and monetary policy87. Regulation118. Conclusion and Recommendations129. References14Executive SummaryBritish Airways has focused its guardianship and objectives towards satisfying its key stakeholders that include employees, customers, Government and the British public. The company has been successful in dealing with cultural differences that arise between the UK and foreign countries, adopting a geocentric approach to hiring workers. The airline has also created a flexible organisation that responds quickly to the changing needs of its consumers. However, poor industrial relations and crisis management imply that in that respect is a greater need to focus on building strong relations with employees, enabling them to internalise the vision of the company. Given intense competition in the industry and continuous changes in regulations from the EU and international regulatory bodies, British Airways needs to introduce cost-effective methods of complying with regulatory standards. The firm should also avoid felonious practices that can harm its corporate image.1. British Airways OverviewBritish Airways commenced business in 1935 as a small airline that was privately owned, offering services limit to the United Kingdom. Due to poor performance, the company was nationalised in 1939 with the state providing the required investment and resources necessary for growth (Brooks & Cullinane, 2007). The emergence of neo-classical economists claiming government ownership to be nonproductive and inefficient, paved the way for privatisa... ...om http//www.theguardian.com/business/2012/apr/19/ba-fuel-surcharge-fine-oftMurphy, E. King, E. (2014). Environmental noise pollution. California Elsevier.Sitkin, A. Bowen, N. (2010). International business 2nd edition. Oxford Oxford University Press.Stabler, M. J. Papatheodorou, A. Sinclair, M.T. (2010). The economics of tourism 2nd edition. New York Routledge.The Telegraph. (2010). EU clears British Airways trans-Atlantic alliance, merger with Iberia. Telegraph. Retrieved on 15th May, 2014 from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/7889982/EU-clears-British-Airways-trans-Atlantic-alliance-merger-with-Iberia.htmlWinfield, P. Bishop, R. Porter, P. (2013). Core management for HR students and practitioners. Oxford Elsevier.Yahoo Finance. (2014). British Airways. Retrieved on 14th May, 2014 from https//uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=BA

Hauroun and the Sea of Stories Compared to Lord of the Rings

Hauroon and lord of rings Frodo Baggins and Haroun Khalifa are some(prenominal) heroes, both from distinct stories but turn out a very similar journey. Frodo Baggins from J. R. R Tolkiens Lord of the Rings is a hobbit of middle earth who keeps to himself and likes to be alone, he goes on an risk that changes his life. Haroun Khalifa from Salman Rushdies Haroun and the sea of stories is a 10 year old boy living with his acquire in an imaginary perturbing city. Both characters go on a journey that changes in that respect life incessantly, the characters quests have many similar stages to the journey.Both begin there quest with a scrub to lark, neither characters are expecting it but both seem eager to go. Both characters battle between goodness and poisonous and both characters become masters of dickens worlds, and achieve apotheosis or divinity fudge like status and then have the freedom to live. Both heroes are called to the adventure in many different ways, Frodo Baggins is called to adventure during his uncles 111th birthday party when his uncle Bilbo disappears. Bilbo leave a gold ring for Frodo so Frodo speaks to the asterisk Gandalf who says to keep it safe and not to put it on.Years later the perspicacious wizard Gandalf returns to goern Frodo the ring is exceedingly dangerous and was forged by the dark lord, Sauron and must be destroyed, that is when his journey began and Frodo begins his journey heading towards Rivendell to talk to the elves about how to destroy it. Haroun is called to his journey when he returns fireside one day to find out his mother has run away with the upstairs neighbor who has always been circumstantial towards Rashid Khalifas story telling which effects Haroun greatly.Haroun argues with his pay off about the usefulness of stories and why they are important, this crushes Rashid. Haroun struggles with school due to his mothers absence so his father takes him on a story telling trip for or so fancy politics, th ey travel to the Valley of G and when Rashid goes up to tell a story and nothing comes out, this is Harouns call to adventure, to help his father. Good VS evil. Thats what fairy-tails and stories revolve around, both Frodos and Harouns adventure revolves around it.In Lord of the Rings the evil that Frodo is fighting is the darkness of the ring and the evil that dwells within Mordor. Saruman, the evil wizard tries to make Frodo change from good to evil but did not succeed. In Harouns story the evil that he fights is someone named Khattam-Shud, Khattam-Shud is polluting or poisoning the stories so they squirt not be told. Rashid and Haroun travel to the stain of Gup to try and figure out what is going on. They get there and the entire land is preparing for war, the guppies Vs the Chupwalas.The war ends with the victory of the Guppies and they riposte Haroun with granting his wish that his father can tell stories again. At the end of each story the heroes reach the stage of apotheos is, Frodo reaches apotheosis when he destroys the ring by throwing it in the lava, all the evil goes away and the good takes over. Frodo is the master of two worlds the world of the non existent Mordor and the Shire, he is looked at as a king and everyone will forever be grateful for his victory over darkness.Haroun reaches apotheosis after the war ends, he is overwhelmed with joy that his father can tell stories, Haroun returns to the sad city with his father to find that the city is no overnight sad, the once forgotten city name has been remembered and when Haroun returns home he finds the last person to be there wait for him, his mother. Harouns story ends happily ever after as does Frodos. Both of the heroes were from a classic fairytale , the stories had a call to adventure, both very different calls to adventure but they both fulfill there goals and reach apotheosis, i guess you can say Haroun and Frodo both lived happily ever after.Hauroun and the Sea of Stories Compared to Lord of the RingsHauroon and lord of rings Frodo Baggins and Haroun Khalifa are both heroes, both from different stories but have a very similar journey. Frodo Baggins from J. R. R Tolkiens Lord of the Rings is a hobbit of middle earth who keeps to himself and likes to be alone, he goes on an adventure that changes his life. Haroun Khalifa from Salman Rushdies Haroun and the sea of stories is a 10 year old boy living with his father in an imaginary sad city. Both characters go on a journey that changes there life forever, the characters quests have many similar stages to the journey.Both begin there quest with a call to adventure, neither characters are expecting it but both seem eager to go. Both characters battle between good and evil and both characters become masters of two worlds, and achieve apotheosis or god like status and then have the freedom to live. Both heroes are called to the adventure in many different ways, Frodo Baggins is called to adventure during his uncles 111 th birthday party when his uncle Bilbo disappears. Bilbo left a gold ring for Frodo so Frodo speaks to the wizard Gandalf who says to keep it safe and not to put it on.Years later the wise wizard Gandalf returns to tell Frodo the ring is extremely dangerous and was forged by the dark lord, Sauron and must be destroyed, that is when his journey began and Frodo begins his journey heading towards Rivendell to talk to the elves about how to destroy it. Haroun is called to his journey when he returns home one day to find out his mother has run away with the upstairs neighbor who has always been critical towards Rashid Khalifas story telling which effects Haroun greatly.Haroun argues with his father about the usefulness of stories and why they are important, this crushes Rashid. Haroun struggles with school due to his mothers absence so his father takes him on a story telling trip for some fancy politics, they travel to the Valley of G and when Rashid goes up to tell a story and nothing c omes out, this is Harouns call to adventure, to help his father. Good VS evil. Thats what fairy-tails and stories revolve around, both Frodos and Harouns adventure revolves around it.In Lord of the Rings the evil that Frodo is fighting is the darkness of the ring and the evil that dwells within Mordor. Saruman, the evil wizard tries to make Frodo change from good to evil but did not succeed. In Harouns story the evil that he fights is someone named Khattam-Shud, Khattam-Shud is polluting or poisoning the stories so they can not be told. Rashid and Haroun travel to the Land of Gup to try and figure out what is going on. They get there and the entire land is preparing for war, the guppies Vs the Chupwalas.The war ends with the victory of the Guppies and they reward Haroun with granting his wish that his father can tell stories again. At the end of each story the heroes reach the stage of apotheosis, Frodo reaches apotheosis when he destroys the ring by throwing it in the lava, all the evil goes away and the good takes over. Frodo is the master of two worlds the world of the non existent Mordor and the Shire, he is looked at as a king and everyone will forever be grateful for his victory over darkness.Haroun reaches apotheosis after the war ends, he is overwhelmed with joy that his father can tell stories, Haroun returns to the sad city with his father to find that the city is no longer sad, the once forgotten city name has been remembered and when Haroun returns home he finds the last person to be there waiting for him, his mother. Harouns story ends happily ever after as does Frodos. Both of the heroes were from a classic fairytale , the stories had a call to adventure, both very different calls to adventure but they both fulfill there goals and reach apotheosis, i guess you can say Haroun and Frodo both lived happily ever after.

Comparison of American Education and Asian Eduction

Joshua R Coleman Mrs. Kumler English 10 4-26-12 Comparison of American Education and Asiatic Education For many years, the United States has prided itself in producing the most natural people in the world. Much of the U. S. s advances have been through the contributions of many glorious scientists, doctors and other professionals. However, recent studies have displayn that America is losing this advantage to many Asian countries including lacquer and South Korea. American didactics has fallen short of the education found in the countries of Asia due to the lack of the competitive culture in America.To show the competitiveness of a nation one can look at a countrys commonwealth, median(a) wages, and the sum total of clip spent in school. When compared to countries such as Japan and South Korea, the U. S. has a much higher population. However, it is non the total population that would make a nation competitive, but the amount of people living in a certain area. According to the National Census of 2011, there are over 300 million people in the United States living in the 3,537,422 sq. iles of the country (Profile). According to the U. S. Department of State, country of South Korea has a population of 48,754,657 people in its 38,023 sq. mi. To put the population of South Korea in comparison to the U. S. , imagine about one sixth of Americas population in side of the state of Indiana. The population of Japan consists of about 126,457,664 people living inside of its 145,902 sq. mi. The population assiduousness of Japan is about half of the United States population inside of the state of California.The population density shows how many people are competing with each other for jobs and college acceptance. Since America has such a large amount of territory, the people are not as endanger with each other, thus lowering its competition levels. Americans were once thought of having the richest population in the world. In 2010 National Wage Index, the fair wage was $41,673. 83. This beats the average wage in South Korea, which is the equivalent of $33,000 U. S. dollars, yet loses to the citizens of Japan, who make the equivalent of $46,800 U.S. dollars (2012 Average Salary Survey). The wages help us determine whether the average man has a well paying job, for him to get a well paying job, he would probably need a good education. The amount of time spent in the classroom also may improve the superiority of the students it produces. The average American student goes to school for 6. 5 hours a day, 180 old age a year (OMara). In South Korea, the required amount of time for children to attend school is 220 days (Pellissier). In Japan a total of 240 days is required. scholarly persons must also pass an entry exam to get into high school, thereby increasing the level of competition even higher (Daily life). The longer school year and the entry exams force a student to become more focused and competitive. South Korea, Japan, and the U. S. A. a re part of the PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), which evaluates education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15-year-old students in participating countries/economies (PISA). After the 2009 test scores were published, the U.S. fell below the average in the math section but remained only slightly above average in the reading portion of the test. Japan placed fourth in the mathematics section, and ordinal in the reading section. South Korea, however, was the country that had the highest scoring in both mathematics and reading, ranking at the top of the list. These tests are proof that America is not producing the level of high scoring students as Asian Countries. This is yet another example of how a competitive culture can effect and improve an education system.From what the information suggests, the educational systems in Asian countries far exceed that of America. The level of competition in these countries plays a major factor in their success and give continue to allow only the best and brightest students to be selected in universities and jobs. If America is to retain her status as the worlds leading producer of brilliant minds, then it must somehow improve its educational systems in order to match not just the competition within her own borders, but crosswise the globe.

Novel Critique: Will Grayson, Will Grayson Essay

One winter night in Chicago, two teenage boys named pass on Grayson met by chance in an boastful entertainment shop. They were both juniors in high school but they live in different suburbs. The book is told through alternating chapters between the two Will Graysons with put-on squirt writing one and David Levithan the next. Their styles of writing are similar yet different enough which did non make it seem repetitive. John Greens Will Grayson was written in normal type while David Levithans was written in all small, which made the story more interesting.John Greens Will Grayson believes that all problems and pains in life could be avoided by keeping quiet and non caring. Tiny Cooper, his best friend, is a proof of what heartache can do. Tiny is always in love with different boys and always convey his heart broken. Tiny Cooper was a real perfect addition to the story. Him being Johns Wills best friend and him meeting Davids Will and then them having a subject for each diff erent, really helped the two Will Graysons in figuring out who they are. On the other hand, David Levithans Will Grayson is rattling anxious and does not have any real friends, except for a boy online who hes in love with.When the two Will Graysons finally met, it seems like it is the most hit-or-miss thing that has ever happened. Though they only interacted a bit, when they did it was both so awkward and at the same time comfortable. The fact that meeting each other reminded Its hard to believe in coincidence but its even harder to believe in anything else. them that just because they are both named Will Grayson does not mean their names define them, and that there are tons of people with the same out in the world, too.John Greens Will Grayson does not want too much attention drawn to him, which did not exactly work for his best friend, Tiny Cooper. Tiny Cooper, his quest to make the world collapse though his musical and his and Wills friendship is really just wonderful. David L evithans Will Grayson is angry and sarcastic but as the story progresses, readers would realize to see the different sides of him. Also, he did not fit into any typical stereotype of a gay teen. In fact, in the conversation between the authors tack at the end of the book, it is very interesting how David Levithan explained how he wanted his Will Grayson to be in the middle of things and also explained that Will writes in all lowercase because he sees himself as a lowercase person.The book blatantly attacks a lot of issues in the modern teenage world, and a lot of it is actually very harsh. At some points, it could be a little bit uncomfortable but it is the authors willingness to speak the truth.In a winter full of love, fake IDs, weird band names, two Will Graysons, and an epic musical about love and all the things about Tiny Cooper Will Grayson, Will Grayson is really a hilarious novel about things that we cannot choose. While some humorous books are just humorous, Will Grayso n, Will Grayson also touches on bigger issues that are applicable especially to teenagers nowadays.

Plato’s View of Justice in the Republic Essay

Having lived an extraordinarily long life (for his time), with no consistent precept of belief, it has become customary to divide Platos writings chronologic on the wholey into trey periods, Early, Middle and Late. The Republic, a collection of ten tidingss, is perspective to have been written aft(prenominal) Phaedo during the middle-period of Platos life. It is during this period that Platos philosophy becomes his own rather than a commentary on Socrates beliefs and sayings.It is important to remember that Platos time was an age of neer-ending upheaval and it is this air of upheaval and constant change that led him to focus on his societies failings and to put forward a structured society that puts his view of jurist into practice.The main theme of The Republic is to define justness and other rectitudes and to put forward an opinion for a U returnian city- differentiate based on his beliefs on justice and virtue to show how these fancyls could be implemented.The text take s the form of a dramatised discourse between certain characters of differing backgrounds and beliefs. The lend oneself of a dramatised debate is a useful musical mode to demonstrate the musical mode Plato (whose ideas are re fork outed by the character of Socrates) would handle his sceptics. It also serves to show the development of his thought through discussion and to sceptic-proof his argument by foreseeing potential counter arguments.Plato starts demonstrating his definition by taking some popular conceptions of what justice means and whether it is better to live a just life.In reserve mavin the debate starts with a statement made by Cephalus, an old, retired self-made manufacturer. Cephalus puts forward the view that as people grow older they become more than(prenominal) aware of religious teachings regarding retribution in the afterlife for documentation an unjust life and therefore monitor theyre own behaviour, in the past and presentAnd when he finds that the sum of his transgressions is great he bequeath many an(prenominal) a time like a child start up in his peace for idolise, and he is filled with dark forebodings.He is saying that idea of justice is something that is merely a doctrine enforced by the unproven premise of damnation. If fear of an unproven afterlife is the reasoning for living a just life then the argument for justice is creaky and reliant on blind faith. If an singularistic does not believe in Hades or Hell then what stops him from acting unjustly? Continuing on Cephalus states Wealth can do a lot to save from having to cheat or deceive some unity against our will and from having to depart for that other place in fear because we owe a sacrifice to a god or m whizzy to a person. By this Cephalus means that by having ample wealth he n eer had the require to be unjust to anyone. He could afford to appease the Gods with sacrifice and to keep his debts paid. This first presented description of justice is flawed. Socrates gives the chase object lesson to prove thisSuppose that a friend when in his right mentality has deposited arms with me and he asks for them when he is not in his right mind, ought I to give them back to him? No one would say that I ought or that I should be right in doing so, any more than they would say that I ought al tracks to speak the truth to one who is in his condition.Socrates, by Cephaluss definition just living, was acting in a just way when he returned weapons to a maniacal friend (paying his debts). The juvenile day equivalent of this scenario is the United Nations returning a previously confiscated nuclear weapon to an insane and potentially violent state in full intimacy that it will be used to wreak havoc (injustice). This demonstrates that Cephaluss popular description of justice is weak and potentially unjustLater in nurse 1, When Socrates criticizes Polemarchus idea that man should spite his enemies, Thrasymachus puts his view forward Since the established rule is surely stronger, anyone who reasons correctly will conclude that the just is the same everywhere, namely the prefer of thestronger . Using this idea Thrasymachus has declared that justice is the preserve of the strong and properly. Justice is whatever the powerful dictate to the masses. He then goes on to state that it is the trade of the poor to rise up and take what they can from the rich. Socrates refutes all these ideas. He believes that the poor should accept the true justice that is imposed on them by the government. This is an idea that is crucial to the utopia he will later describe.Thrasymachus demonstrates a sophistic belief that injustice is more pro play offable to the individual than justice. By restating his belief that only the powerful have control over justice and successfully canvassing for a general consensus that rulers are fallible he shows that justice (as administered by the powerful) is harmful to the one who obeys and serves . This in itself makes a certain degree of reason since in our own modern times we consistently see examples of justice (as administered by the powerful) being non-beneficial to the weak and subservient. The around recently highlighted example would be the recent focus on Taliban-governed Afghanistan. Justice to the population of a Taliban controlled region meant harsh punishments and draconian, puritanical laws. This is what by European standards would be called unjust. If Thrasymachus had stopped his argument at this point then he would have contributed an important element to the definition of justice that we assume in our use of the word today, that which is morally correct.However as Thrasymachus is from a sophistic background (i.e. teacher of economics and rhetoric with especially capitalistic, profit driven motivations) he continues into a less popular (by modern standards) potential consequence of his argument, injustice is more profitable than justice. Through clever debate and reasoning with Thrasymachus, Plato (through his mouthpiece character, Socrates) arises at the following conclusionApparently, then, injustice has the power, first, to make whatever it arises in-whether it is a city, a family, an army, or anything else-incapable of achieving anything as a unit, because of civil wars and differences itcreates, and second, it makes that unit an enemy to itself and to what is in every way its opposite, namely justice.This statement shows the Sophists argument to be a contradiction. It is impossible for a belief to be profitable if it simply leads to dissent amongst the parties desire profit. It is impossible for injustice to serve anyone if it is an enemy to itself. Plato points out that for a collective of individuals to act out injustice and all profit from the act there mustiness originally be some sort of justice present to prevent them all betraying each other, an honour amongst thieves of sorts. The argument for injustice does not end with book one and returns briefly early in book two. At the end of book one Plato is no longer refuting suggestions on the personality of justice and is no speaking in a pro-active, positive manner. He begins to start to build his own ideas of justice. He believes justice to be more profitable than injustice describing the resemblance like so a just person is happy and an unjust one is wretched . This conclusion is reached in the preceding lines when Thrasymachus to agrees that justice is a virtue of the thought and therefore that a disposition cannot perform well if its ill-tempered virtue is faulty.There is another important argument that Plato addresses in book two, where Glaucon, the youth, returns to Thrasymachuss argument with an amendment. Glaucon asserts that it is profitable for the individual to pretend to be just but live their life in an unjust manner. The idea behind this being that the individual can appear to have the virtue of justice to others without having to be burdened with the res ponsibilities and constraints of living a just life. To consider all of these arguments and how they are presented would take many theses and, although relevant to this essay topic, I must move on to Platos own decisions of what justice is and their implementation in his polis due to space and time constraints.Plato has argued that living justly is much more superior to living unjustly because justice breeds happiness and contentment. The next step for Plato, to state and demonstrate his own positive views on justice and why it is profitable, is to describe a city-state, a polis, which is an ideal Utopia where all citizens live in harmonious eudemonia. By using the macrocosm ofthe state he will show how justice can be implemented in the individual.Plato believes in the immortality of the brain (a consequence of nous ) and its division into three parts, which in turn are affected by ordering powers. The three parts of the soul are the spiritual, dedicated to the devotion of honour, the rational, dedicated to reason and logical thought and the appetitive, the basic appetites of the human soul such as sex, acquisitions, praise etc. which must be controlled. This is a fiercely rational and, I would argue, flawed hanging down of the human character. It takes no account for the emotional tone of mankind and it is this inhuman and extremely rational view of humanity that would lead to the immediate mischance of the polis if it wherever established due to some of the constraints placed on the citizens of the polis as will be seen later on. The virtues (aretai) of the soul that Plato describes in book four are wiseness (sophia), courage (andreia), temperance (sophrosyne) and justice (dikaiosyne). It is this idea of the soul that Plato will use in to socially structure the polis . The aim of this city is to make the soul is happy because all three parts of it are moderated, doing their own jobs and nothing else. This relates to Platos view of justice in the followi ng manner. To Plato justice and injustice where to the dead body what health and disease are in the body.This is a beautiful analogy and is very similar to basic facets of Chinese medicine were disturbance in the mind is viewed as a pivotal cause for ill physical health, one wonders were oriental factors an influence on Plato or vice versa at this time. This correlation of Hellenic Greek and ancient Chinese science is especially apparent in 444d of The Republic when Health is defined as the establishment of an order by nature among the parts of the body disease as a disturbance of the internal order of rule and subordination among the parts (444d) . This reading of Plato by Voeglin makes more sense in the context of the polis, as the disease of injustice is the divisor of peoples and the cause of discontent in society. The polis must be designed in such absent that contentment is valued at a premium and corruption and vice made unnecessary and irrelevant.This has parallels with the medieval belief in The owing(p) Chain Of Being. The Great Chain Of Being was a description of the balance of power and harmony in the world that probably was inspired by Augustinian and Platonic thought. At thetop of the chain was God who was linked to the King who was linked to his Aristocracy. If any part of a the chain was rugged then the natural order of the world was disrupted. An example of how this was believed to manifest would be the mysterious change of calm weather to storms and supernatural occurrences in Shakespeares Macbeth following the usurping of Duncan. By usurping the legitimate ruler the chain was broken and chaos and disorder in the natural world ensued. Such is the occurrence of injustice in the Polis that the natural harmony will fall apart.I will now summarise the structure of the polis and hopefully answer how the distinctive roles of State and the individual maintain a just society. The state is divided into three classes, a producer class, a guardian (military/police) class and a ruling class. Later, Plato creates a hot ruling class out of the guardians and calls the military/police class auxiliaries and this new ruling class guardians. The main point of this is to have each class fulfilling a need in the city and not usurping any other person/classes role. Again there are similarities with the great chain of being. Everybody minds their own business and keeps to the plan and eudemonia will be intact. The city is based on various natural needs and recognises that harmony starts with the satisfying of life requirements. This idea is a nearly to a throw back to Cephalus who does not act in an unjust way because he wants for nothing.The development of a citizen starts with education. Students are thought a wide range of subjects from the academic to physical. Children are taught philosophy so that there will be established within them, as in a polis, a politea . In other words they will have the same balanced wisdom and work gov erning their souls in life with the eudemonia of the state as a living example for the individual. The education also decided what class and profession the child would fit into. Classes could be transcended as children showed an adroitness for different and subjects abilities. Once an individual was placed in his/her class they remained in it for the duration of their lives. This has distinct parallels with the education system of Ireland were an aptitude in school for the academic can raise points for a place in a college that would further train you for a position of relativelymore power than the producer class. The most apt at philosophy and reason were sidelined for the upper two classes and had their education furthered accordingly.This begs the question of what would happen if the polis were sacked and all the ruling class slain. How could the polis recover from such an event if the lower classes are conditioned and brain-washed into believing that all they can ever be or do is be the sheep at the bottom of the chain of command?Procreation was also a stage-mannered affair. Parents deemed fit to marry (or mate) were coupled off by what they believed to be ergodic selection. In fact, the couples were selected for their eugenic qualities and paired off like horses on a stud.Children are taken from their parents at birth. The knowledge of their parents identity is never revealed to them nor is the childs identity revealed to their parents. This anonymity was meant to promote equality between young and older generations. The child, being in full knowledge that it is from a boost family, would not be subject to family pride and would have no particular loyalties to any family as its siblings and parents would be unknown. Every elder could be addressed as father or mother as every peer could be addressed as brother or sister. With no bias towards any particular individual the harmony of the polis is further maintained.As mentioned earlier, Platos great failu re from a modern standpoint is his inability to account for emotional aspects in the polis. The idea of splitting families was doomed to failure in that likenesses between siblings and parents would be impossible to disguise and some people could find out their relatives in this way. However, it could be argued that the mental effect of not knowing ones natural family could be a non-issue after generations of people living in this way. The eugenic selection of partners makes a sense of sorts as families with undesirable inherited characteristics could be prevented from passing them on and those with desirable ones could be encouraged to mate. This is reminiscent of a quasi-nazi formula for the Aryan race of 3rd Reich. If one looks closerone can see Plato using injustice to keep justice by lying about the random selection of couples. ascribable to the constraints of time and space I will have to conclude at this point by summarising the above. Plato essentially defines justice in t he state as the three classes staying strictly to their individual roles in order to maintain a balance of responsibilities for the greater good of all. The state does this by ruling of over every aspect of an individuals life from birth and plotting their destiny with the greater good of the polis to mind. It does this through education, censorship and rigorous controls. Only those with a high knowledge of wisdom (philosophy) are fit to rule as they have enough knowledge to know that justice is best for all as it is an essential virtue of the soul (dikaiosyne). Injustice is considered ignorance, as someone with a lot of wisdom could not possibly see injustice as profitable to anyone.The justice in the soul is described as the virtues (aretai) controlling the appetitive parts of the soul.In this post world war two and post Brave New World time, it is tardily to take The Republic as a strange Nazi/Taliban-esque tyrannical state on a first glance. As a state the polis would most defi nitely have failed. As macrocosm for justice in the individual it is unsurpassed. Its influence to this day was evident recently when it was voted best philosophic work ever by readers of the web page http//www.philosophers.co.uk. Whilst it has certain ideas that maybe questioned against the standards of modern western Europeans, it will certainly provide insight and debate on many philosophical issues for many years.

Graduation of Jake Moon Essay

In my book Graduation of Jake Moon, Jake is the main character in the book. Jake Moon is an only child Jake Moon was named by his granddad because his mother was stressed out for the first 2 weeks of him creation born. When they moved in with his grandfather he named him Jake not Jacob just Jake. Jake Moon changes by being annoyed, frustrated, and embarrassed to being understanding by his grandfather.Jake changes from being annoyed and frustrated and embarrassed towards his grandfather because his grandfather Skelly got diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. Jake gets annoyed with him being forgetful and not knowing who he is. Jake witnesses him being in the dumpster Jake was embarrassed and felt different when he seen his grandfather in the dumpster and 2 eighth grade boys picking on him and asked him if he went to PU University.Jake Moon changes at the end by being frustrated, annoyed, and embarrassed to being understanding towards his grandpa. He helps his grandpa get up in the morni ng and get dressed. Jake found his wet sheets in the oven when his friend Lucas was over. Skelly put his pajamas in the freezer. Skelly wrote stuff on post it notes and put them all over the tin to remember things. What happens at the end is that at Jakes Graduation is Skelly goes up on the stage and thence Jake goes off stage and takes his grandfather down to family then goes back up on the stage. That shows how Jake Cares virtually his grandpaJake Moon understood at the end of the book compared to the beginning. Jake was better towards his grandfather because of the graduation stuff with his grandfather. Jake cares about his grandpa that he did that but if that happened at the beginning of the book he would of probably sat In his chair like who is that guy.

Media & Invasion of Privacy

LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTISE (MAC 854) referee DR. JIMI KAYODE TITLE MEDIA AND THE INVASION OF PRIVACY BY AKANDE ADEFEYISAYO ADEBOLARINWA SUBMITTED ON 30th JANUARY, 2010 INTRODUCTION Media practitioners possess the function of cumulateing, processing and disseminating give-and-take item to a heterogeneous bl proclaim-up audience which often times non done with sound moral judgement in mind lands them into pool of anesthetised waters.Celebrities, politicians and other sought-after sources of word of honor demand over time expressed justifi equal to(p) anguish over the diminishing aspects of their lives that ar no longer free from prying eyes and proceeds from the press. They routinely assert that members of the media violates their screen based strictly on their need to publish any news program story that comes their way for the main purpose of realize and simpl y backside not distinguish what type of information is tete-a-tete, globe or newsworthy.Journalists, however, often possess diverse concepts of covert and newsworthiness, and know that the issue is more complicated based on the fact that reporting news stories in a way that serves and informs the semipublic will often require publicizing detail or displaying shapes that will mortify or anger approximatelyone. To beget hiding issues even more complicated for journalists, courts constantly redefine what is mystical based upon interpretations of the problematical legal standard of a sightly expectation of cover. ( www. succeedning-newsmedia. com/ hiding) The U.S. Supreme Courts scolding of the media in the 1999 ride along cases for a perceive inattention to the privacy indemnifys of the the great unwashed featured in the news most likely reflects the current attitude of many judges and jurisprudencemakers and, thus, underscores the importance for journalists to be a ware of general privacy principles. (www. associatedcontent. com/topic) The trespass and publication of secret images weed expose journalists to overwhelming financial financial obligation if a court determines that a news organization has invaded a persons privacy.The invasion of anothers privacy is a tort, meaning a civil wrong against another that results in injury. A privacy tort occurs when a person or entity breaches the duty to leave another person alone. When reporters intrude on a persons privacy and cause emotional or monetary injury, they whitethorn be forced to pay damages. To avoid lawsuits, journalists must know how the law operates while seeking to balance the competing interests of the press and the public against the privacy interests of the events of the reports.Journalists often run contrary of this tort finished the process of gathering information. Actions that whitethorn violate this privacy right include encroachment onto clubby property, obscure obse rvation and the deceptive access into private sports stadiums. Conduct that invades privacy may likewise violate the criminal law. In general, courts suck up held that journalists must obey all(prenominal) relevant laws. In Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469 (1975) the U. S. Supreme Court noted that in privacy tort, claims of privacy most directly con antecedent the constitutional freedoms of address and press. www. definitions. uslegal. com) This study provides a universal explanation of each privacy tort and related causes of action. The privacy facts tort presents the unsettling circumstances in which journalists may be liable for monetary damages for coverage of news item. In several cases the Supreme Court has held that where a newspaper publishes naive information which it has lawfully obtained, penalization may lawfully be imposed, if at all, only when narrowly tailored to a state interest of the highest influence. Florida Star v. B. J. F. , 491 U. S. 524, 541 (1989). Although the Supreme Court has prevented states from backbreaking journalists who print legally obtained names of juvenile offenders and infraction victims, the Court has not absolutely rejected the private facts tort in this context. Although crimes much(prenominal) as rape are newsworthy and newsworthiness is a demur to a private facts suit, not all courts pee agreed that the identity of a rape victim is newsworthy. away from news story either in the broadcast or in the print medium, photography has to a fault been observed as posing some unreproducible problems in privacy law, broadly, the legal analysis for invasion of privacy through images parallels the analysis for invasions through words. Essentially, the scope of this study is simply to analysis the fundamental spirit of privacy laws, the various types that a mass media practitioner can run afoul of in the course of his or her duty and its implication for the society as a whole. Emergence of silence r ectitudesConcerns about intrusive newspaper reporting were mainly the beginning of the law of privacy. At that time, metropolitan daily newspapers used a variety of sensational information to attract potential readers. Media practitioners often played out the lives of the affluent and famous on the pages of their newspaper, permitting their readers to vicariously enjoy the wealth and the term of the celebrity. It was the kind of journalism now rough-cutly referred to as yellow journalism that drove two Boston lawyers, Samuel D.Warren and Louis Brandeis to use the pages of the Harvard Law Re encounter to suggest an officially documented right to privacy titled The Right to Privacy in 1890. Thus, their enterprise can be justifiably referred to as the source from which the law of privacy sprouted from. In their words as cited in Pember & Calvert, 2006 To satisfy a prurient taste the details of sexual relations are air broad-cast in the columns of the daily papers. To occupy the ind olent, column upon column is filled with idle gossip, which can only be procured by intrusion upon the domestic circle..The common law has always recognised a mans house as his castle, impregnable, often, even to its own officers engaged in the execution of its commands. Shall the courts close the front entrance to constituted authority, and open wide the back door to idle or prurient curiosity? Warren and Brandeis strongly proposed that people should be able to go to courts to stop such(prenominal) unwarranted intrusions and also to secure monetary damages for the hardship or emotional distress they suffered from prying and from publication of private materials about them.The question of when the coverage and reporting of news became an invasion of privacy is a difficult one, especially for photographers and videographers. Consequently, the combination of a lack of clear definitions of privacy standards and an acceptance of degree of privacy puts media practitioners in a precarious position. In Sanders v. American Broadcasting Cos. , Inc. , 978 P. 2d 67 Cal. 1999, the California Supreme Court held in 1999 that even an employee who holds a conversation in an open office space and overheard by co-workers can pursue an invasion of privacy claim if that conversation is preserve by a reporters hidden camera.The court rejected the notion of privacy as an all-or-nothing concept and described an expectation of limited privacy as follows A subjective expectation of privacy is an opinion of a person that a certain orient or situation is private. An objective, authorized or reasonable expectation of privacy is an expectation of privacy recognized by society Under different circumstances, however, courts contract established that news media are confirm in doing what their subjects may feel is invasive. ( wikipedia 2002) Definitionsharmonize to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 219A (III), Article 12 of 10 December 1948 as cited in Malemi (2002 163) No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the nurseion of the law against such interference or attacks. Privacy refers primarily to a persons right to be left alone by the media, not necessarily a physical intrusion into ones private property or ad hominem space.Invasion of privacy charges are usually presented in a civil lawsuit against media outlets that have crossed a perceived line into a celebrity or other public solves private manner, or have used his or her semblance or name in an unauthorized public manner Privacy law is the area of law denoteed with the protection and preservation of the privacy rights of individuals. Increasingly, governments and other publics as well as private organizations collect vast amounts of personal information about individuals for a variety of purposes.The law of privacy regulates the type of information which may be imperturbable and how the information may be used. The Right to Privacy According to the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, chapter IV, Section 37 on the right to private and family liveness says Citizens have right to privacy of themselves, their homes, correspondence, telephone and telegraphic communications. A violation of this rights amounts to invasion of privacy. Remedies can then be pursued in the courts when anyone goes contrary to the preceding(prenominal) provisions.The right of privacy is a common-law cause of action that is a recent legal development. The U. S. Constitution chastens no direct references to the right of privacy, although the Fourth Amendment states The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated The right of privacy competes with the freedom of the press as well as the interest of the public in the free d issemination of news and information, and these permanent public interests must be considered when placing the necessary limitations upon the right of privacy.The First Amendment states carnal knowledge shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press picpicInvasion of privacy, then is the intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, which can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded. It encompasses workplace monitoring, Internet privacy, data collection, and other means of disseminating private information. Photographers guide to Privacy, 2003). The wrongful intrusion into a persons private activities by other individuals, the media or by the government has generally been defined as invasion of privacy. Privacy is invaded when one intentionally intrudes, physically or oth erwise, upon a persons solitude or into his private area or affairs. Invasion of privacy is considered a violation of tort law and can be litigated inside the civil courts for monetary damages.Recently, invasion of privacy has interpreted on even greater meaning with recent technological advances. Bussian & Levine 2004 opine that Whether an article or broadcast is newsworthy, whether the information was gathered in an obnoxious fashion, whether truthful information is nonetheless highly offending all are considerations in weighing individuals claims against the news media. Invasion of privacy is a tort, a civil wrong, which can lead to jury trials and potential claims for compensatory and punitive damages.It also places judges in the unfamiliar and uncomfortable role as editors of last resort. Celebrities are not protect in most situations, since they have voluntarily placed themselves already within the public eye, and their activities are considered newsworthy. Categorically, i nvasion of privacy or the intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded.Folarin, 2005155 also agrees that the right to privacy is a legal means by which consumers can control media content through suits instituted against the media in defence of their right relating to invasion of privacy which includes insulation from needless publication of private matters. Also that people can sue any media that uses their names trumped-up(prenominal)ly. He asserts that the people who have little or no chance of winning most of the suits are acknowledged public figures who are generally assumed to have lost their to privacy by victorious up public office or otherwise become public by be involved in a newsworthy act or incident.In distinguishing invasion of privacy among other claims facing the media, unusual situations involving crime victims a nd witnesses and also photographs of virtually anything visible in a public place do not give rise to actions for publication of private facts. Also facts that give rise to a false light claim may support a defamation claim while injury to reputation is not required for a false light claim. The false light tort aims primarily to protect against emotional distress rather than to protect ones reputation.Based on First Amendment of the US constitution concerns, and the similarity between the claims, some states have not been persuaded to recognize the false light tort. However, public personalities are not protected in most situations, since they have placed themselves already within the public eye, and their activities (even personal and sometimes intimate) are considered newsworthy and are perceived to be of legitimate public interest. Dimensions of Invasion of Privacy ) Intrusion on ones solitude or into ones private affairs includes The Home A persons home gets the highest protect ion from the courts. Entering a house or apartment without permission of the occupant or, in some circumstances, the police, can be considered as an unlawful intrusion. Photographs and Tape Recording Taking photographs of a person or his property in a private place may be an invasion of privacy. Tape recording a person without his consent may also provoke damage awards. ) Public disclosure of muggy private information such as Personal Matters Details about a private persons sexual relationships, the contents of personal letters, private facts about an individual, or other intensely personal matters are off-limits to the news media unless they are considered as absolutely newsworthy. Newsworthiness Even truthful accounts are actionable if they contain highly offensive details which are not of legitimate concern to the public. ) Publicity which puts him/her in a false light to the public Fabrication Ascribing quotes or fictionalizing actual events can lead to invasion if a person is portrayed in a false light before the public. Photographs Using photographs or films to ornament a story that implies falsely that a person is involved in a disreputable incident. d) Appropriation of ones name or picture for personal or commercialised advantage such as Advertising The unauthorized use of a persons name or photograph in an advert is another immense subject in nvading peoples privacy. Property Rights This happens when the press offers to give away unauthorized broadcasts or photographs of a performance. The Supreme Court in the United States has control that there is a limited constitutional right of privacy based on a number of provisions in the Bill of Rights and attendant amendments. This includes a right to privacy from media surveillance into an area where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy and also in matters relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing and education.However, records held by tri ad parties such as financial records or telephone call records are generally not protected unless a specific federal law applies. The court has also recognized a right of anonymity and the right of groups to not have to disclose their members names to media agencies. (www. answers. com) Generally, its been considered that one ought to have a reasonable expectation of privacy, meaning i.A place where a reasonable person would believe that he or she could disrobe in privacy, without being concerned that his or her undressing was being photographed or filmed by another or ii. A place where one may reasonably expect to be safe from casual or hostile intrusion or surveillance. Given the similarity to voyeurism, an adjudicator might find that placing a hidden camera in a certain location may amount to the torts of indignation or deliberate infliction of emotional distress.Invasion of privacy laws are usually broken into tetrad separate categories highlighted earlier including intrusion, appropriation, false light and public disclosure of embarrassing facts. Intrusion of Solitude Intrusion of solitude, seclusion or into private affairs is an build up of invasion of privacy done by spying on or intruding upon another person where that person has the expectation of privacy. Places that a person ought to have an expectation of privacy are usually in a home or business setting. Consequently, people who have become public figures do not have the same expectation of privacy.A media practitioner, who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability for invasion of privacy, if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. To be liable for intrusion upon seclusion or solitude, the complainant must prove the following elements Invasion of a secluded place or privacy this happens when the suspect is alleged to have invaded the plaintiffs personal or private space. This could be determined by Physical intrusion into a place where the plaintiff has secluded himself. ) Use of the defendants senses to eavesdrop or spy in order to oversee or overhear the plaintiffs private affairs or b) Some other form of investigation or examination into plaintiffs private concerns. Objectionable intrusion this is the type of intrusion that would be highly offensive to the ordinary reasonable person. Invasion of private affairs or matters the interference with the plaintiffs privacy must be substantial (however, if the event reported occurs in public, there is no expectation of privacy).Other examples of intrusion upon privacy include placing microphones or cameras in someones bedroom or hacking into their estimator. Society does not expect a journalist to place wiretaps on a private individuals telephone without his or her consent. Opening someones ring armor is also considered to be intrusion of solitude, seclusion or private affairs. The information gathered by this form of intrusion need not be promulgated in order for an invasion of privacy claim to succeed. boob is closely related to the intrusion tort and may be claimed simultaneously.Intrusion claims against the media often focus on on some aspect of the newsgathering process. This tort may involve the wrongful use of tape recorders, cameras or other intrusive equipment. Trespass also can be a form of intrusion. An actionable claim for intrusion may arise whether or not a news story is published or aired. (A photographers guide to privacy, 2003) Appropriation of Name, Likeness or Identity The appropriation of a private persons name, likeness or identity by a person or company for commercial gain is prohibited under the invasion of privacy laws.However, this law pertains to a private figure and not a public figure or celebrities, who have fewer and different privacy rights. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652C (1977) defines appropriation of name or likeness as follows One who appropriates to his own use or benefit the name or likeness of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy. (Bussian & Levine, 2004) Appropriation of name or likeness occurs when someone uses the name or likeness of another for their own advantage.Action for misappropriation of right of publicity protects against commercial loss caused by appropriation of an individuals character for commercial exploitation. It gives the individual exclusive right to control the commercial value of his or her name and likeness to prevent others from exploiting that value without permission. It is similar to a earmark action with the persons likeness, rather than the trademark, being the subject of the protection. The appropriation category of invasion of privacy prevents others from victimization a persons name or identity for commercial gain.Ordinarily, the news media do not run afoul of this form of tort. However, seemingly harmless news coverage or a dvertisements can lead to lawsuits. This law came into existence from a couple of court decisions in the early 1900s where a private persons photograph was being used without consent for advertising purposes and without them receiving any monetary reward for using their pictures in print. The court recognized that the common law right to privacy including a persons identity had been violated by the unauthorized commercial use.In by and by cases, a persons voice was also included. Public figures, especially politicians do not have the same right to privacy as regards to appropriation of name, likeness or identity since there is much less expectation of privacy for public figures. Celebrities may sue for the appropriation of name, likeness or identity not on grounds of invasion of privacy, still rather on owning their own right to publicity and the monetary rewards (or damages) that come from using their likeness. False LightAs cited in Bussian , (2004) The Restatement (Second) of T orts Section 652E (1977) provides that One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as to the falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would be placed.Creating a false image for an individual may constitute an invasion of privacy. This is an aspect of invasion of privacy that deals with untruthful publication. In this instance, the offended person is placed in a false light through misleading descriptions, confusion of the persons identity with another, fictionalization of actual events, or photographs taken out of context. Its features are It gives an individual unreasonable and highly objectionable publicity that attributes false characteristics, conduct or beli efs to him or her.The said material must be published to a third person or publicised to a large audience or to so many persons that the matter must be regarded as substantially certain to become one of public knowledge. The invasion of privacy tort of false light is upheld in court when the plaintiff can prove that the defendant publicize the plaintiff in such as way that it would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. However, it is pertinent to note that this tort shares many similarities with libel and many courts have trouble separating the two.Public Disclosure of Embarrassing Private Facts Public disclosure of embarrassing private facts becomes an invasion of privacy tort when the disclosure is so despicable that it becomes a matter of public concern and it outrages the public sense of decency. In this invasion of privacy tort, the information may be truthful and yet still be considered an invasion if it is not newsworthy, if the event took place in private and there wa s no consent to reveal the information. The Restatement (Second) of Torts Section 652D (1977) provides that One who gives ublicity to a matter concerning the private life of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the matter publicized is of a kind that (a) would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and (b) is not of legitimate concern to the public. (ibid) The media can also be held accountable for damages for truthful publication. It is considered that the antisocial article or broadcast exposes to public view certain highly offensive matters that are not considered newsworthy.In order for an offended plaintiff to prevail, he must prove that the publication was a) Extremely offensive to a reasonable person, b) And that the matters were not of legitimate concern to the public. The latter requirement may give the news media what might be called the newsworthiness defence. Though, the legal concern of the public in a matter is not presumed by the matters publication. Thus, a plaintiff may prove that an article is lacking in newsworthiness disdain its publication.Below is a good example Case study Publication of Embarrassing Private Facts Nollywood actress and 2005 Gulder Ultimate Search star, Anita Hogan, was reported to have lost a three-month-old pregnancy following the shock caused by the publication of her nude pictures in Daily Sun, an evening newspaper in 2006. Anita, according to her lawyer, was engaged to be unify to a white man whose nude pictures were published along with hers in the Friday, August 11th edition of the newspaper.Police detectives in Lagos eventually arrested one Emeka Nwankwo, a computer engineer who allegedly circulated the shocking pictures to the media, after the actress rebuffed his alleged bid to blackmail and extort money from her over the lurid shots. The actress through her counsel explained that the computer where the controversial photos were saved developed a fault and had to be taken for repairs, from where they were allegedly stolen. The shots were said to have been taken by Anitas fiance and stored on her personal computer.Emeka allegedly approached her to pay him N500, 000 or risk getting her pornographic pictures with the white man published in newspapers. The actress was said to have turned bulge the request, which she regarded as blackmail, and Emeka allegedly went ahead with his threat to circulate the pictures to media houses. A petition written by Anitas lawyer, Mr Tony Dania of Dania and Associates, to the Deputy Commissioner of Police SCID, Lagos, actually admitted that the pictures in circulation were those of the actress but stressed that they were Anitas private pictures with her fiance, stolen and doctored to suit the purpose of blackmail. The aforesaid publication is a criminal invasion of our clients privacy. From the story the suspects published, it was obvious that there was blackmail and attempts to extort money from our client. They s tole some of our clients pictures, used the computer to improvise and superimpose further images on them, called our client and demanded for money. The white man in the published pictures is a true resemblance of Anitas fiance who works in a very decent organisation. In fact, they have done the pre-marriage bollock introduction.Anita, who lost her dad recently, was actually carrying the baby of the white man, but the shock of the aforesaid inglorious publications made her to lose her pregnancy between Saturday/Sunday, August, 12, 13, 2006, the petition alleged. intact PROVISIONS Misappropriation There are statutes that govern the right of publicity. These laws have two purposes 1) To protect ordinary individuals from the mental anguish that may accompany the undesired commercial use of their name or image, and 2) To protect the property interest that celebrities develop in their identities.Under these laws the use of a relevant picture to deck a newsworthy article will generally not lead to liability. The unauthorized use of a celebritys picture in an advertisement often will. False Light A photograph or videotape by itself will rarely place a subject in a false light. Rather, the accompanying text, caption, or voice-over could be misleading and portray the person in a false context. However, an accurate depiction of a person in a publication the person finds offensive does not, in itself, state a false light claim. Private Facts The private facts tort presents unsettling scenario in which media practitioners may be iable for money damages for reporting the truth. In several cases the US Supreme Court has held that where a newspaper publishes truthful information which it has lawfully obtained, punishment may lawfully be imposed, if at all, only when narrowly tailored to a state interest of the highest order. Florida Star v. B. J. F. , 491 U. S. 524, 541 (1989) as cited in Bussian & Levine 2004. Although the Supreme Court has prevented states from punishin g journalists who published legally obtained names of juvenile offenders and rape victims, the Court has not absolutely rejected the private facts tort in this context.Although crimes such as rape are newsworthy not all courts have agreed that the identity of a rape victim is newsworthy. Intrusion Intrusion always comes into play through the process of gathering information. Here, the subsequent publication of the information is not required. Actions that may violate this privacy right include trespass onto private property, hidden surveillance, and the duplicitous entry into private areas. Conduct that invades privacy may also violate the criminal law. In general, courts have held that journalists must obey generally applicable laws.Trespass is the illegal entry onto private property. If the owner or person in charge of private property orders a photographer to leave, the photographer should leave or be prepared to face a trespass charge. Photographers who accompany police onto pr ivate property are not necessarily immune from liability. Camera operators should also be aware of federal and state laws that govern the taping of oral communications. The federal wiretap statute prohibits the interception of oral communications unless one party such as the journalist consents to the recording.And there have been instances where barring the taping of oral communications exist unless all parties consent to the taping. Privacy and the Internet The US Congress and its state legislatures across the nation have considered or are considering scores of bills aimed at reducing public concern about the ability of Internet users to protect their private lives as they surf the World Wide Web. (Pember & Calvert, 2006). Despite the positive usage of the internet, the have been growing concern among users about the technology considering the ease with which third parties can collect data bout users and what the data collectors can do with the material they have gathered. Howeve r, the Nigerian Government have not woken from its slumber towards the focusing of giving adequate protection to its citizens, properties and of course, rights. Defences available to Privacy Suits Several defences are available to photographers and news organizations accused of invasion of privacy Legitimate concern defendant in a disclosure can challenge the plaintiffs proof of the basic elements of intrusion.For example, the defendant may be able to show that the facts that the defendant disclosed were matters of legitimate public concern. If a person is involved in a matter of legitimate public concern, a newsworthy event, the person becomes a public figure with respect to that event, regardless of the persons intentions or desires. If a person is a public official or public figure, his or her reasonable expectations of privacy are dramatically reduced. As a practical matter, a public official or public figure cannot successfully sue unless the invasion of privacy is outrageous or done with actual malice.Consent it is a voluntary agreement to a publication or permission to enter a private place to gather information. It could be expressed or implied. Allis (2009) opines that a person who accepts money or other considerations in exchange for the invasion of privacy is said to have sold his or her rights. Though some defendants, such as prosecutors and government officials do have immunity if they are acting within the scope of their authority. Anything to be used in a commercial context, whether it is a photo taken in public or in private, must have consent, usually in the form of a model release.Consent must be obtained from someone who can validly give it. Consent to enter a home may not be consent to photograph it. Consent exceeded can be the same as no consent at all. Although oral consent may protect the press from liability for invasion of privacy, written consent is more likely to foreclose the possibility of a lawsuit. However, a subjects subsequen t withdrawal of consent does not bar the publication of the photograph. It simply means that the journalist may not assert consent as a defence if the subject later files suit.Cornwell (2008) sums it by saying the more explicit the consent, the better the protection for the press. Newsworthiness Is generally defined as what the public is interested in. According to Wulfemeyer (2003), if a story that includes legally obtained private information that is embarrassing to the plaintiff but the subject matter is of public concern, it would be difficult for the plaintiff to win the law suit because courts give wide latitude to the newsworthiness defence. Photographs taken in public places generally are not actionable.Photographs of crimes, arrests and accidents usually are considered newsworthy and immune from privacy claims. Public places if an event occurs in public view, they are almost always considered public and not private. Though public places defence have been considered not abs olute. Public proceedings Information obtained during public meetings, hearings or trials can be reported by a news organization. Public records if information has been obtained from a document that is of a public record, it can not be deemed private.ETHICAL OBLIGATION Momoh (2004) opines that as a rule a journalist should respect the privacy of individuals and their families unless it affects public interest in the following ways Information on the private life of an individual or his family should only be published if it impinges on public interest, Publishing of such information about an individual as mentioned above should be deemed justifiable only if it is directed at 1. Exposing crime or serious misdemeanour 2. Exposing anti social conduct 3.Protecting public health, morality and safety 4. Preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of the individual concerned. SUMMING UP The Right of Privacy is a good measure to check media practitioners on inappro priate media content so a news medium while carrying out its function must at all time be concerned with the welfare of its consumer. A media practitioner must tell the accuracy of his or her information and must be ready to make corrections and clarifications when necessary after publishing or broadcasting untrue information.A media practitioner must at all time uphold the dignity of his or her profession comply with his or her professional codes and respect the human rights. A media expert must also recognise that gathering and reporting information may sometimes cause discomfort, so must seek ways to inform the hurt. (Kayode, 2009). REFERENCES Allis. (2009). Invasion of PrivacyAppropriation. Retrieved kinfolk 19, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database. Bussian & Levine. (2004). Invasion of Privacy The Right to be left alone Retieved September 18, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database. Cornwell, C.N. (2008). Freedom of the Press Rights and liberties under the law. Retrieved September 18, 20 09, from http//www. abc. clio. com foretaste of privacy (2002). Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http//www. wikipedia. com Folarin , B. (2005). Theories of Mass Communication An Introductory Text. Abeokuta Bakinfol Publication Invasion of Privacy (2003). Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http//www. winningnewsmedia. com/privacy Kayode, J. (2009). Ethics and professional practise Record .Lagos. Malemi, E. (2002). Mass Media Law Cases and materials Lagos Grace Publishing Incorporation Momoh, T . (2004). Nigerian Media Laws & Ethics Lagos Efua Media Associates. Pember & Calvert. (2006). Mass Media Law Boston McGraw Hill. Phtographers giude to Privacy (2003), Retrieved September 18, 2009, From http//www. rcfp. org Wulfemeyer, K. T. (2003). Radio & TV Newswriting A workbook Retrieved September 19, 2009, from Lexis-Nexis database.