Novel Object Recognition Test

The novel object recognition (NOR) test was used to determine working and spatial memory. In this study 75cm Ãâ€" 50cm Ãâ€" 30cm transparent box was used. Three days prior to the habituation sessions, the rats were exposed to the box to familiarize with the environment. On the test day, they were exposed to identical objects to acclimatize with for 5min thereafter, the rats were then returned into their home cage with food and water. Thirty minutes later, the probe test was conducted, each rat was placed inside the box with one of the object replaced by a novel one for 5 min. It is important that (a) the objects have a â€Å"neutral† shape in terms of its significance to the animal, (b) be devoid of any marked characteristics, such as odor and movement, for instance (Li et al., 2011). The total time spent exploring the two objects was recorded. â€Å"Object exploration† is defined as directing the nose and vibrissae to the object at a distance of less than 2 cm, as if â€Å"smelling† it with caution, while bumping, turning around or sitting upon the object were not considered. Discrimination ratio, which is the difference in exploration time, expressed as the ratio of total exploration time with both objects in the choice phase (this ratio allows to adjust for individual or group differences in the total amount of exploration time) was calculated as percentage memory index as shown below:Time spent with new object X 100Memory index (%) = Total time spent with both old and new object (Ogundele et al., 2014).Morris Water MazeThe Morris water maze (MWM) is another apparatus designed to examine the memory impairment in rodents, thus it is highly specific for hippocampal function. This study was carried out as earlier described by Barnhart et al (2015). Each trial began by placing the rat on the platform for 20 s in a bid to allow orientation to extramaze cues found around the apparatus. After orientation, rats were gently lowered into the pool by facing the wall at one of 3 positions (i.e., each at the center of the wall of a different quadrant not housing the platform). After the rat was released into the pool, the observer had to retreat away from the pool to a constant position within the room, such that he served as an additional distal visual cue. Maximum swim time was set at 60 s. Any rat that locates the platform before 60 s was removed from the pool immediately, while the rats that are unable to locate the platform after 60 s of swimming were gently guided to the platform and allowed to re-orient to the distal visual cues for an additional 20 s before being eventually removed from the pool. After removal from the pool, each rat was manually dried with a terrycloth towel and placed in a plastic cage with wood shavings for at least 5 min before returning to the home cage. Each rat was trained twice a day for 2 days with an inter-trial interval of approximately 30 min. Training was conducted at roughly the same time every day in bid to minimize variability in performance due to time of day (Morris, 1984). To examine spatial reference memory, a probe test was administered 24 h after the last training session. During the probe test, the platform was removed from the pool and the rat was allowed to swim freely for 1 min. The rationale of this task was to determine number of time the initial location of the platform was crossed/visited.

Reasons Why Cloning is Unethical Essay

From the day that ‘Dolly the sheep’ made it to the headline news, the controversy regarding her existence has never ceased. It is quite amazing, how the issues surrounding a sheep could create such a great divide on public opinion, stir up much debate in scientific halls, and whose implications caused a dilemma that reached a magnitude which needed a presidential decision. Needless to say, the debate did not concern agriculture or animal rights, but on how she came to be — by cloning. Contrary to popular belief, these clinical ventures though, were not done by sheer sense of adventurism, or by simple acts of human arrogance of ‘playing God’. Instead, this breakthrough in the field of biotechnology, along with other related cases, was carried out with the legitimate purpose of propagating livestock that carry desirable traits. Breeders can easily then raise farm animals that have the preferred traits and thus increase productivity and yield. Also, lab research for the noble intention of developing drugs, require numerous testing on animals before it can finally be declared effective and safe for human use. Cloning would allow them to produce test-animals that display similar or identical characteristics and thus help validate results. There are several other reasons why cloning is held by many scientists as an essential means for improving human condition. However, such so-called conditions had now been raised to the point of fulfilling needs other than physical necessities. Man’s many woes and flaws in life such as the pain of losing a loved one or childless couples having to bear the unfulfilled desire of loving and rearing their own children, are just a few of the many disadvantages that confronts finite man. Today through science, man is longing to challenge and ‘correct’ these impossible odds. Would cloning be the answer? II. Man’s Contemporary Alternative: Merits of Cloning-to Produce-Children Distinguished British philosopher Mary Warnock, expressed her support in favour of utilizing the technology of cloning to produce children. She believes that there is nothing wrong with this procedure and thereby there should be no question on the ethical soundness of such an endeavour (Connor, 2002). Together with the rest of those who agree with her, they believe that cloning offers an excellent solution for the following problems: A. To Help Sterile Parent/s Obtain Biologically Related Children Individuals or parents who long to have their own offspring, but are hindered by sterility or some other reason — the only presented solution so far have been adoption. There are different reasons why some had found this unsatisfactory. With cloning, a sterile man can now have the opportunity of producing a child that bears his own characteristics. The need to find a sperm donor is eliminated, and consequently eliminates the possibility of their child acquiring and passing on undesirable traits to future generation outside the couple. Such a method also opens for an attractive possibility not only for sterile couples but for homosexual couples and individuals who desire to raise a child of their own but do not want the entanglements of a marriage union. B. Pass-on a Genetic Disease Individuals or parents who carry defective genes such as a genetic disease can now hope to eliminate passing the disease to the following generations. Cloning would assure the parents of being able to raise children who will not be troubled by the heritable disorder. C. Pain of Losing a Loved One The grief of losing a loved one can now be alleviated by cloning the dying or dead significant person. Since cloning involves the passing on of exact physical characteristics, producing a cloned individual would invariably cause ‘replication’ of the deceased loved one or relative. Those who are left, will be comforted by ‘seeing’ their dead spouse, child or relative ‘live again’ on the cloned individual. Although, there would be major differences in experiences which would make it entirely impossible to make an exact copy of an individual in all aspects, cloning would bring a connection of the lost loved one with the grieving members. D. Society’s Desire to Have Individuals with Superior Abilities or Qualities Cloning brings families and societies to have super-human individuals by cloning outstanding athletes, musicians, men and women renowned for their beauty, or geniuses. By replicating these individuals, it is presumed that these superior qualities are determined by certain genetic make-up and thus, will be passed on through cloning. III. Reasons for Argument Cloning violates the ethics of human experimentation on the following grounds: A. Concern on Safety Of utmost concern when cloning humans is the high risk involved. As of the moment, the cloning procedure being done in experimenting mammals has shown how unsafe it is to be even applied in humans. Many embryos got wasted as it took 277 attempts before finally producing Dolly the sheep (Gawler, 2000). Barely just being six years old later, Dolly became severely ill and had to be submitted for euthanasia. Careful examination revealed that her chromosomes had shown premature signs of aging (â€Å"Cloning†). The possibility of creating inborn abnormalities or congenital defects caused by the procedure should even bring parents with a hereditary disease not to employ cloning. While it could hold promise of not passing on genetic diseases to their child, the latter is also vulnerable for congenital malformation. Also, since several donor eggs and substitute mothers are needed before achieving success, this places risks on several women. Experiments on animals had shown that there is high occurrence of premature abortion on cloned fetuses. If done on humans, continous abortion could lead to greater possibility of maternal death. B. The Issue of Consent Cloning also undermines the right of the cloned individual. In contrast to the risks that could bring to surrogate mother or the gene donor, the risks posed at the cloned individual do not have the individual’s consent. Most often, the right to exercise freedom is often called by those who promote it. This is often based on the ‘freedom to reproduce’. This means that the constitution protects individuals or parents to freely choose whether they are to have children or not (Eisenstadt v. Baird, 1972). However, in exercising that right, it overrides the freedom of choice on the cloned individual. True, reproductive freedom permits anybody to decide whether to have a child or not without hindrances by the government. It does not however, in any way, allow anyone to do it by whatever means and in complete disregard for the welfare of others. C. Possible Exploitation of Women Since cloning requires numerous tests before any attempts could become fruitful, large quantity of donor eggs will be needed. Getting the egg would subject the woman donor of hormonal treatment that gives high health risks. Furthermore, what would most likely happen is that these women donors would be offered a substantial amount of money, and thus could lure poor women to compromise their health in exchange for financial gain (Council on Bioethics, 2002). IV. Conclusion More often, the concern for safety is limited on the aspect of limiting or perfecting the procedure. It does not consider the possible undesirable effects it would have — after it is accomplished. This perspective of safety does not take consideration on the unexpected effects it would have on the individual, family involved and society in general. The relationships between members of those with cloned children would greatly be altered compared to conventional family set-up. Would the cloned individual of a father be his child or twin? Obviously, cloning will rearrange how family relations will be treated. Before any attempts to cloning-to-produce children be done, would be parent/s should give grave concern on the potential psychological effects this would have on the one being cloned. What also needs special consideration is it’s the social impact caused by confusion. Cloning might open for unnecessary expensive legal battles, over custody as to who really are the child’s parents. Each individual who has a part of the cloned child might fight to claim for custody over the child. Given that such asexual means to produce children is not strange, faulty or imperfect, there is serious error on the purpose by which it longs for implementation. It places more significance on the one which will be cloned by replicating the person, rather than the cloned child. Human experience has revealed that man has the tendency to abuse, and therefore such technology can be used for vain reasons. Cloning somehow claims to provide solutions for man’s problems, the solution however, creates more problems. Given the demerits of the cause, it would far benefit society to keep from toying with strange methods. Works Cited: 1. Connor, S. (2002). Warnock: ‘No ethical reason to ban cloning’. The Independent. Retrieved 20 Nov. 2008 2. Gawler, DM. Human cloning: Scientific, ethical and regulatory issues. [Electronic Version] Retrieved 20 Nov. 2008

Election of 1876 Hayes Became President

The election of 1876 was intensely fought and had a highly controversial outcome. The candidate who clearly won the popular vote, and who may have won the electoral college tally, was denied victory. Amidst accusations of fraud and illicit deal-making, Rutherford B. Hayes triumphed over Samuel J. Tilden, and the result was the most disputed American election until the notorious Florida recounts of 2000. The 1876 election took place at a remarkable time in American history. Following Lincoln’s murder a month into his second term, his vice president, Andrew Johnson took office. Johnsons rocky relations with Congress resulted in an impeachment trial. Johnson survived in office  and was followed by Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant, who was elected in 1868  and reelected in 1872. The eight years of the Grant administration came to be known for scandal. Financial chicanery, often involving railroad barons, shocked the country. Notorious Wall Street operator Jay Gould tried to corner the gold market with apparent help from one of Grants relatives. The national economy faced difficult times. And federal troops were still stationed throughout the south in 1876 to enforce Reconstruction. The Candidates In the Election of 1876 The Republican Party was expected to nominate a popular senator from Maine, James G. Blaine. But when it was revealed that Blaine had some involvement in a railroad scandal, Rutherford B. Hayes, the governor of Ohio, was nominated at a convention that required seven ballots. Acknowledging his role as a compromise candidate, Hayes delivered a letter at the end of the convention indicating he would only serve one term if elected. On the Democratic side, the nominee was Samuel J. Tilden, the governor of New York. Tilden was known as a reformer  and had attracted considerable attention when, as New York’s attorney general, he prosecuted William Marcy â€Å"Boss† Tweed, the famously corrupt political boss of New York City. The two parties did not have tremendous differences on the issues. And as it was still considered unseemly for presidential candidates to campaign, most of the actual campaigning was done by surrogates. Hayes conducted what was called a â€Å"front porch campaign,† in which he talked to supporters and reporters on his porch in Ohio and his comments were transmitted to newspapers. Waving the Bloody Shirt The election season degenerated into the opposing sides launching vicious personal attacks on the opposition candidate. Tilden, who had become wealthy as a lawyer in New York City, was accused of participating in fraudulent railroad deals. And the Republicans made much of the fact that Tilden had not served in the Civil War. Hayes had served heroically in the Union Army and had been wounded several times. And the Republicans continually reminded the voters that Hayes had participated in the war, a tactic sharply criticized by Democrats as â€Å"waving the bloody shirt.† Tilden Wins the Popular Vote The election of 1876 became notorious not so much for its tactics, but for the conflicted resolution that followed an apparent victory. On election night, as the votes were counted and the results circulated about the country by telegraph, it was clear that Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote. His final popular vote tally would be 4,288,546. The total popular vote for Hayes was 4,034,311. The election was deadlocked, however, Tilden had 184 electoral votes, one vote short of the required majority. Four states, Oregon, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida had disputed elections, and those states held 20 electoral votes. The dispute in Oregon was settled fairly quickly in favor of Hayes. But the election was still undecided. The problems in the three southern states posed a considerable problem. Disputes in the statehouses meant each state sent two sets of results, one Republican and one Democratic, to Washington. Somehow the federal government would have to determine which results were legitimate and who had won the presidential election. An Electoral Commission Decides the Outcome The US Senate was controlled by Republicans, the House of Representatives by Democrats. As a way to somehow sort out the results, the Congress decided to set up what was called the Electoral Commission. The newly formed commission had seven Democrats and seven Republicans from the Congress, and a Republican Supreme Court Justice was the 15th member. The vote of the Electoral Commission went along party lines, and the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was declared to be the president. The Compromise of 1877 The Democrats in Congress, in early 1877, had held a meeting and agreed not to block the work of the Electoral Commission. That meeting is considered part of the Compromise of 1877. There were also a number of understandings reached behind the scenes to ensure that the Democrats would not challenge the results, or encourage their followers to rise up in open revolt. Hayes had already declared, at the end of the Republican convention, to serve only a single term. As the deals were hammered out to settle the election, he also agreed to end Reconstruction in the South and to give Democrats a say in cabinet appointments. Hayes Mocked for Being an Illegitimate President As might be expected, Hayes took office under a cloud of suspicion, and was openly mocked as Rutherfraud B. Hayes and His Fraudulency. His term in office was marked with independence, and he cracked down on corruption in federal offices. After leaving office, Hayes devoted himself to the cause of educating African-American children in the South. It was said he was relieved to no longer be president. Samuel J. Tildens Legacy After the 1876 election Samuel J. Tilden advised his supporters to accept the results, though he still apparently believed he had won the election. His health declined, and he focused on philanthropy. When Tilden died in 1886 he left a personal fortune of $6 million. Approximately $2 million went to the founding of the New York Public Library, and Tildens name appears high on the facade of the librarys main building on Fifth Avenue in New York City.

Military and Corporate Strategy - 7776 Words

Business and Management 2010-2011 Military and corporate strategy Corporate and Business Strategies [pic] Alexandre de Rodellec Bettina Voisin Fleur Bazin Alicia Dutheil Aimeric Raynaud Introduction: Stake of the topic Definition of key words Establishment of paradoxes Issue as a question form Announcement of the plan I. The historical origin of strategy A. The birth of military strategy: Sun Tzu - Main actors - Historic main events of the evolution B. The concept of business strategy - What is strategy about? - Different kind of company†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, a business strategy is about building. Actually, the main goal is not to destruct but at the opposite to build something in order to get earnings. In the same time, the way to get through this objective implies to fight against different kind of enemies. As soon as we speak of fight, we have to deal with plan and strategy. This mutual way of intellectualizing and rationalizing a fight, which used to be instinctive for animals, is a very important concept. Issue as a question form: The principal difference between fighting for one’s life and fighting for money allow us to ask the following question: Does an economic project can be managed as a war? Announcement of the plan: This demonstration is going to be developed through three different outlooks. The first one deals with the historical birth of strategy and its main evolution among the centuries. Then we will expose the relations and the interactions of military strategy and business strategy. And finally, we will raise a certain numbers of limits to underline the fact that strategy is not a science. I. The historical origin of military strategy A) The birth of Military Strategy Military strategy is a set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals. 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Analysis Of The Book What We Talk About When We Think...

It is no secret that some stories are very similar to one another. Carver’s â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love† and Englander’s â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank† are no exception to this. Both share a common element, which is morality. Both stories focus on the morality of their respective characters. However, Englander’s story expands on this more than Carver’s story. By this we mean that Englander’s story has a much higher level of morality in it rather than Carver’s tale because he expands on everything involved. This is the biggest difference between the two narratives. We are able to find the similarity and this difference by examining the stories themselves Before getting started with the similarity of both stories, there is something that needs to be addressed. When we are talking about morality, we are talking about what a person thinks is right vs what they think is wrong through even ts or certain experiences that have happened in their lives. We are going with this definition because it was the best choice to show that the two stories are similar and different from one another. As previously stated, both stories have an element of morality in their plots. In â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love†, the characters, McGinnis, Nick, Laura, and Terri, are presented with giving and answer to what they think love is. This shows an element of morality to the story because the character’s answers depend on their previous experiences. AShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Winthrop Delivered Sermon Called A Modell Of Christian Charity2205 Words   |  9 PagesCharity, in which he talked about what Christians, should be and what they shall do. I chose the first quote among his sermon because it seemed to be the overall theme of Winthrop’s message. Love was a concept that every Christian tried to have towards each other and to their enemie s. The first quote is related to the third because love is a bond of perfection and Christians must love their enemies and do well to those who hate them. It is impossible for people to love perfectly, without hate or dislikeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesthat helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town DubaiRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategic Marketing Management Dedication This book is dedicated to the authors’ wives – Gillian and Rosie – and to Ben Gilligan for their support while it was being written. Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning

Strategic Cost Management Taylors Wines Case

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Cost Management for Taylors Wines Case. Answer: Introduction Taylors Wines was established in 1969 by Mitchell Taylor among other family members and are one of the largest family owned winery in Australia. Taylors Wines produce various products such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz (Grant et al., 2015). The company is located in the Clare Valley of South Australia and has been experiencing tremendous growth in revenue, scope, and size. For instance, the companys operations have expanded to other international markets such as the U.S with operations in San Francisco and New York. The company majorly operates in the Australian wine industry that has over 2,400 winemaking firms that are in active service. Thus, report analyses Taylors wines market strategies predominantly in the Australian wine industry. Furthermore, the report examines the external environment based on PESTEL and Porters five model analyses. Also, the report identifies Taylors wine dynamic capabilities, and then the companys current position in the Industry and principal markets are examined thereof. Lastly, the report explores various opportunities and threats facing the Australian Wine Industry coupled with viable strategies that can help Taylors wine to sustain its competitive edge. The Australia government have introduced restrictive drink driving rules to curb wine addiction. Also, the government has added volumetric alcohol tax (higher taxes for wine) further disrupting productions in the industry (Aylward, 2004). Furthermore, the government, in partnership with other social groups have introduced education curriculum to sensitize the Australian society on the effects of excessive alcohol consumption on personal health. Fluctuating exchange rates have in the past significantly disadvantaged most of the Australian producers. For example, the high value of Australian dollar has made the local wine's market to be attractive to imports especially the French champagne further increasing competitive intensity in the industry (Bruwer, 2002). The increase in disposable income among Australian households due to increasing per capita income have also encouraged wine consumption. Most Australians shows a strong preference for local products in the Australian Wines industry. Some people in Australia also view wine consumption as sophisticated and fashionable further propelling the increase in wine consumption (Chong, 2014). The increase societal concerns on the effects of wines and alcohol in the Australian society have further affected operations in the industry. The fluctuating climatic and weather patterns such as warmer average temperatures have significantly affected the growth of grapes in Australia (Galbreath, Charles, and Oczkowski, 2016). As such, most grape growers have resorted to irrigation farming to increase the volume of production further increasing water usage. The threat posed by new entry into the Australian Wines industry is relatively small. This is because starting a winery does not require massive amount resources for initial capital investments. Besides, most of the wineries in the Australian Wines industry are subtle family-owned firms, and sell most of their products locally (Chong, 2014). Threat of New Substitutes Products and Services The threat of substitute products in the Australian Wines industry is high. This is because, in the Australian Wines industry, many substitute products can replace wine. For example, alcoholic and soft drinks such as coffee, tea, and fruit juices can all act as substitutes in different ways (Bruwer, 2002). Some of the imported products such as the French champagne can easily replace the Australian wines. Because of many rivals (over 2,400 firms) in the Australian Wines industry, the probable consumers have great alternatives. This can be attributed to low switching cost associated with changing from one firm to another. As such, consumers in the industry can easily switch to cheaper brands that are of similar quality (Chong, 2014). Most Australian wine consumers are attracted to quality wine products that are relatively cheap further explaining the higher buyers bargaining power. Notably, firms in the Australian Wines industry must put more emphasis on sustaining low prices, high-quality products, and quality services. The bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining of suppliers in the Australian Wines industry is low. This can be attributed to the existence of many grape growers in Australia are contracted to major wineries (Grant et al., 2015). The high number of suppliers in the industry imply that grape growers must strive to retain their contractual relationship with the wineries. Also, the wineries can very quickly switch allegiance to other grape growers who have real contractual terms and higher quality products. Market competition Market competition from local and international companies operating in the Australian Wines industry is very high. This is because there are approximately 2,400 businesses that are competing in the industry (Grant et al., 2015). These rivals include Taylors wines, Accolade, Private Label, McWilliamss and Fine Wine brothers. Also, competition from other wine producing countries such as Chile, South Africa and Argentine who provide similar quality at relatively prices have further increased competitive rivalry in the industry. Taylors Wine capabilities One of the companys dynamic capabilities is the production of unique products such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz that are inherently considered to be the industrys best wines. This has given Taylors wine a unique competitive edge in the sector due to its continuous product innovation and development capacity (Aylward, Glynn, and Gibson, 2006). In fact, the company was recognized as a 5-star winery based on wine rating by James Halli-try. The evaluation identified the companys superior packaging production, marketing, and distribution processes as unique in the industry compared to those of market competitors. The company has sustained its production of quality branded wines winning it customer awards such as the 2011 Woolworths supplier of the year award in the alcohol category (Grant et al., 2015). The company also have superior domestic sales and marketing services due to their personalized customer services, and the ability to meet specific customer preferences. Taylors Wines current position in the Industry and identify the key markets it operates within Currently, Taylors Wine is also one of the largest Australias wine production and exporting companies in the world. Notably, Australian wine industry has an 8% control of the global market share of wine business (Grant et al., 2015). This can be attributed to the very low prices charged on Australian wines exported to other countries. Most of the countrys wines are exported to the UK, U.S, some parts of Europe, Canada and China which forms the companys key markets. Opportunities and threats for the Australian Wine Industry and Taylors Wines in particular Opportunities Increase in disposable income among Australian households Strong preference for local products Increased preference for quality branded wines Many grape growers Higher rating in the global wines industry Threats Increased government taxation Fluctuating climatic and weather patterns Fluctuating exchange rates Intense competitive rivalry Increased societal concerns on the effects of wines and alcohol Three viable strategies for Taylors Wines to make the leap from Good to Great.' Taylors Wines should consider implementing a cost leadership strategy in the Australian wines industry to sustain and enhance its competitive edge in the global and local wine's market. This is in response to the threat of intense competitive rivalry in the Australian wines industry. Taylors Wines should also concentrate on diversifying its wines products to satisfy various consumer preferences. This will necessitate increased product innovation and value addition through excellent packaging and preservation of its various products. Lastly, Taylors Wines should expand its operations to include various brands of non-alcohol products. This enable the company to comprehensively satisfy its diverse customers' preferences better and expand its market share. Reference Aylward, D. (2004) Innovationexport linkages within different cluster models: a case study from the Australian wine industry, Prometheus,22(4), pp.423-437. Aylward, D., Glynn, J. and Gibson, B. (2006) SME innovation within the Australian wine industry: A cluster analysis, Small Enterprise Research,14(1), pp.42-54. Bruwer, J. (2002) The importance and role of the winery cellar door in the Australian wine industry: some perspectives, Australian and New Zealand grapegrower and winemaker, (463), p.96. Chong, S. (2014) Business process management for SMEs: an exploratory study of implementation factors for the Australian wine industry, Journal of Information Systems and Small Business,1(1-2), pp.41-58. Galbreath, J., Charles, D. and Oczkowski, E. (2016) The drivers of climate change innovations: evidence from the Australian wine industry, Journal of Business Ethics,135(2), pp.217-231. Golicic, S.L., Golicic, S.L., Flint, D.J., Flint, D.J., Signori, P. and Signori, P. (2017) Building business sustainability through resilience in the wine industry, International Journal of Wine Business Research,29(1), pp.74-97. Grant, B., Mounter, S., Fleming, E., Griffith, G. and Villano, R. (2015) The Australian wine industry at the crossroads: A comparison of performance across major wine-exporting countries in 2000, Australasian Journal of Regional Studies,21(1), p.3. Hussain, M., Cholette, S. and Castaldi, R.M. (2008) An analysis of globalization forces in the wine industry: implications and recommendations for wineries, Journal of Global Marketing,21(1), pp.33-47.

The Kings of Leon - Only by the Night free essay sample

â€Å"All that you see or seem, is but a dream within a dream. They who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night.† -Edgar Allan Poe. The Kings of Leon released their new album â€Å"Only by the Night† in September. It’s kind of hard to dodge the once elusive American quartet these days. Let’s face it, gritty garage rock hardly ever makes the rounds on MTV, especially when the lead singer defiantly slurs words and avoids opportunities to brag about his rocker lifestyle. Quite the opposite, most of this bands delivery seems to express a desire to hang close to the one constant in their kingdom: music. â€Å"Only by the Night,† a title pulled from the Edgar Allan Poe story Eleonora, seems to dig through numerous surfaces that can be separated into the two columns of the bands dual appeal: they have a mainstream tickle and an inward burn. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kings of Leon Only by the Night or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Songs like â€Å"Use Somebody,† and â€Å"Closer† could easily echo in the background of Jennifer Aniston’s latest flick or a Twilight sequel. Whilst songs like â€Å"Notion† and â€Å"Crawl† dodge any vulnerability to mass appeal, sunken in the haunting vocals of a front man doing his best imitation of a confession. While many of their older fans lament the less polished style of the Kings, many of their newer listeners welcome the grit. It seems a tossup. Are the Nashville natives going to sink into the earlier pools of creativity that had them opening for Bob Dylan or continue cranking out the hooks that garner them remixes from Justin Timberlake? Perhaps there is a middle ground and method to the madness. This confessional of an album at times seems more like an attempt to create something real and yet at other moments it is so heartbreakingly honest I feel as if I have looked too deep into someone else’s pain and heart. It’s again the tossup. It seems as if it’s up to the listener to sort out where each song stands. That said, this music is still better than 98.9 % of anything MTV is likely to play at next year’s VMAs.